The Chemistry of Life
A. Key Forces Acting on MatterThe electromagnetic force accounts for the rise of the electric charge between the electric and magnetic fields.
The Nuclear force causes the positive charges when together to repel (same as if it was a negative and a negative) and for the opposites positive and negatives to attract. The Nuclear Force is greater based on the evidence about repeling and attractions between the positive and negative charges (as explained above) B. Matter1. atoms: The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
2. elements: consists of all the same type of atoms. 4. molecules: 2 or more atoms chemically bonded. 5. ions: An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving the atom a net positive or negative electrical charge. 6. radioactivity: energy released when atomic nuclei are unstable due to a low number of electrons. 7. isotopes: atoms with the same number of electrons but a different number of neutrons. definations from wikipedia |
The Atom
This atom picture is taken from http://i.imgur.com/60bWq.gif
The Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom is the current theory of the atom that states that their are levels in which the electrons are containes. The first level only can contain two electrons. The second level could only contain eight electrons. The levels hyptheically are infinite.
D. Sub-Atomic ParticlesProtons:The proton is a subatomic particle with the symbol p or p+ and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary charge. One or more protons are present in the nucleus of each atom. The number of protons in each atom is its atomic number.
Electrons:The electron (symbol: e−) is a subatomic particle with a negative elementary electric charge.[8] Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family,[9] and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure Neutrons: The number of neutrons in an atom determines the stability of the nucleus. If the number of neutrons in an atom is changed, an isotope is created. |
E. Chemical Bonds
- Ionic Bonds
- Covalent Bonds
- metallic bond
The chemical bond characteristic of metals, in which mobile valence electrons are shared among atoms in a usually stable crystalline structure.
- Hydrogen bonds
F. Water and its importance to life
Water's Molecular Structure
-A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
Water in Solutions and Suspensions
-The structure of its molecules makes water act as a very good solvent of a large number of substances. Because of the distribution of the four non-bonding electrons, there is a distribution of charge across the molecule, known as a dipole moment.
Acids, Bases and pH
-The pH scale measures how acidic an object is. Objects that are not very acidic are called neutral.
-A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
Water in Solutions and Suspensions
-The structure of its molecules makes water act as a very good solvent of a large number of substances. Because of the distribution of the four non-bonding electrons, there is a distribution of charge across the molecule, known as a dipole moment.
Acids, Bases and pH
-The pH scale measures how acidic an object is. Objects that are not very acidic are called neutral.